Europe is facing a security reckoning as long-standing post–Cold War assumptions no longer apply. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, shifting signals from Washington, and warnings from military leaders have pushed the EU to reassess its defense posture with new urgency. While war is not seen as inevitable, leaders agree that unpreparedness is no longer acceptable.
For decades, Europe relied on diplomacy, economic ties, and U.S. backing through NATO. That framework is now strained, with alliances feeling less certain and responsibility shifting toward Europe itself. The EU has moved from debate to action, focusing on stockpiles, mobility, and readiness. Defense spending surpassed €300 billion in 2024, alongside major initiatives such as Readiness 2030 and ReArm Europe.
However, public readiness lags behind policy. Polls show many Europeans unwilling to fight, even as eastern and northern states expand civil defense measures. Europe now has a narrow window to turn awareness into real capability.
